This book covers details of specialized advanced refractories, their essentiality, their functions, the materials used, their properties, their degradation, and the possibilities for improvements. Elaborated details with various schematic figures and real-life photographs are included, with special focus on the iron and steel industries. It is based on different multi-national/international refractory organizations and their products correlating with fundamentals and concepts. Features: Describes the design and types of refractory materials used in different industrial applications, along with their wear mechanisms. Focuses on specific applications during iron- and steelmaking. Includes numerous schematic diagrams with labelling and product photos with application areas. Reviews details of background, requirements from user industries, progress with time, materials used, compositions, and properties. Mentions failure mechanisms and pertinent improvements/modifications. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals in refractory materials, pyro-metallurgy, and iron- and steelmaking.
